This distribution can be explained by hormonal influences, as pregnancy is related with the increase in size and number of nodules ( 4). Thyroid nodules are more frequent in females, with an incidence 4 times higher in women than in men ( 3).
Non-palpable nodules detected on US or on other imaging examinations are called “thyroid incidentalomas” or “incidentally discovered nodules”. Thyroid nodules are very common in the general population, and their prevalence is dependent on the identification method used, with a high prevalence found in ultrasound (US) examination, ranging from 20% to 76% in the adult population ( 2). Accepted for publication Jun 27, 2019.Ī thyroid nodule is defined by the American Thyroid Association (ATA) as “ a discrete lesion within the thyroid gland that is radiologically distinct from the surrounding thyroid parenchyma” ( 1). Keywords: Ultrasound (US) malignancy thyroid nodule classification In this comprehensive review, we outline the major US classification systems of thyroid nodules published in the last few years. Understanding the role and appropriate utilization of these systems could facilitate the effective interpretation and communication of thyroid US findings among referring physicians and radiologists. Despite these efforts, none of these classifications have been widely adopted worldwide, and there are still conflicting recommendations from different institutions. Overall, these investigations have identified a few US features that are significantly more frequent in malignant thyroid nodules which can be coalesced into a defining set to be used as an indicator of a higher risk of malignancy.
Many studies have examined whether the US characteristics of thyroid nodules are useful indicators of histological malignancy. Policy of Dealing with Allegations of Research MisconductĬhiara Floridi 1, Michaela Cellina 2, Giorgio Buccimazza 3, Antonio Arrichiello 3, Andrea Sacrini 1, Francesco Arrigoni 4, Giovanni Pompili 1, Antonio Barile 4, Gianpaolo Carrafiello 3ġUnit of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Department of Diagnostic Services, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, University of Milan, Milan, Italy 2Department of Radiology, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy 3Department of Health Sciences, Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy 4Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of l'Aquila, L'Aquila, ItalyĬontributions: (I) Conception and design: C Floridi, M Cellina (II) Administrative support: G Buccimazza (III) Provision of study materials or patients: A Arrichiello (IV) Collection and assembly of data: G Pompili, A Sacrini (V) Data analysis and interpretation: F Arrigoni, A Barile (VI) Manuscript writing: All authors (VII) Final approval of manuscript: All authors.Ībstract: Assessing the risk of malignancy in the thyroid with ultrasound (US) is crucial in patients with nodules, as it can aid in selecting those who should have a fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy performed.Policy of Screening for Plagiarism Process.
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